Mumps symptoms and prevention
Overview
Mumps is an infectious disease caused by the mumps virus. This illness typically affects the parotid glands, located on each side of the face and responsible for saliva production. When infected, these glands can swell, leading to tenderness or pain. While mumps is relatively rare in the United States due to widespread vaccination, outbreaks still occur, especially among unvaccinated people. Vaccinated individuals who contract mumps usually experience milder symptoms with fewer complications.
There is no specific antiviral medication for mumps. Instead, treatment focuses on easing pain and discomfort associated with the illness.
Symptoms of Mumps
Symptoms often appear 2 to 3 weeks after exposure to the virus. Some people may have no symptoms or only mild signs. The initial symptoms often resemble flu, including:
- Fever: Typically mild at first but may increase.
- Headache: Persistent, and it can become intense.
- Muscle aches: General body discomfort.
- Loss of appetite: Reduced desire to eat or drink.
- Tiredness: Fatigue often accompanies other symptoms.
Swelling of the salivary glands generally starts a few days later, leading to additional symptoms:
- Swelling of one or both parotid glands: This is the most common sign of mumps.
- Pain or tenderness: The area around the swollen glands may feel uncomfortable.
- Occasionally, swelling of glands under the mouth: Though less common, this can also happen.
When to See a Doctor
If you or your child shows signs of mumps like fever, headache, or swollen glands, contact a healthcare provider. They can help diagnose and recommend the right treatment. Notify the clinic in advance if you suspect mumps to allow staff to take precautions and prevent the virus’s spread.
Some conditions mimic mumps symptoms, so a prompt diagnosis is essential. Seek medical advice if your child develops:
- A fever of 103°F (39°C) or higher
- Difficulty eating or drinking
- Confusion or disorientation
- Stomach pain
- Pain and swelling of the testicles
While waiting for care, consider these steps to ease symptoms:
- Get plenty of rest: Rest helps recovery.
- Use over-the-counter pain relievers: Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or acetaminophen (Tylenol) can reduce discomfort.
- Apply a warm or cold cloth: Place it over swollen glands for relief.
Causes of Mumps
The mumps virus causes this infection, residing in saliva. It spreads through activities like coughing or sneezing, which release droplets containing the virus into the air.
Transmission occurs in various ways:
- Breathing in droplets from an infected person.
- Touching surfaces with droplets and then touching your face.
- Direct contact, such as kissing or sharing utensils, also increases infection risk.
In the U.S., mumps outbreaks often occur in places where people live or work in close contact, such as college campuses, summer camps, and schools.
Complications of Mumps
Unvaccinated people are more likely to experience complications, even without swollen glands. When the virus spreads to other body parts, complications may include:
- Swollen testicles (Orchitis): Painful, especially after puberty, and can affect fertility.
- Swollen ovaries (Oophoritis): May cause pain, nausea, and fever, but rarely impacts fertility.
- Encephalitis: Brain inflammation that may cause seizures, changes in awareness, and muscle control issues.
- Meningitis: Swelling of brain membranes, causing headaches, fever, and neck stiffness. Meningitis from mumps rarely has long-term effects.
- Hearing loss: Can occur suddenly or gradually, usually improving after recovery.
- Pancreatitis: Causes stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
- Miscarriage: Contracting mumps during the first trimester can increase the risk.
Prevention of Mumps
Most vaccinated individuals are protected from mumps. However, immunity may lessen over time, but vaccinated individuals who contract mumps usually have milder symptoms and fewer complications.
The MMR Vaccine
The mumps vaccine is part of the routine childhood vaccinations, usually given as part of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. The standard schedule includes:
- First dose at 12 to 15 months of age.
- Second dose at 4 to 6 years, before starting school.
Another version of the MMR vaccine, known as measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV), includes protection against chickenpox but is not recommended for the first dose in children.
Many studies have shown no link between the MMR or MMRV vaccines and autism. A 1998 study claiming this link was based on errors and was later retracted. Reliable organizations, including the American Academy of Pediatrics and the CDC, confirm no link exists between MMR vaccines and autism.
Who Needs the MMR Vaccine?
If you haven’t received two doses or are unsure of your vaccination status, talk to your healthcare provider. You may need two doses or a booster, especially in high-risk settings or during outbreaks. High-risk individuals may include:
- College students
- Military personnel
- International travelers
- Healthcare workers
Who Doesn’t Need the MMR Vaccine?
If unsure about your status, a blood test can check for antibodies. If antibodies are present, your immune system can fight off mumps, and further vaccination may not be necessary.
People born before 1957 likely have immunity from exposure to the virus.
Because the vaccine contains a weakened virus, people with immune system issues typically avoid it unless the benefits are high. Pregnant individuals are also advised against receiving it.
Side Effects of the MMR Vaccine
The MMR vaccine is generally safe and effective. Most people experience no serious side effects, though mild reactions may occur, such as:
- Soreness at the injection site: Usually resolves within days.
- Mild fever: A slight temperature increase may occur.
- Rash: Fades without treatment.
- Swelling of glands: May affect the cheeks or neck temporarily.
In rare cases, more serious side effects might include:
- Joint pain and stiffness: Temporary, more common in teens and adults.
- Seizures: May result from fever after vaccination but are typically harmless.
- Thrombocytopenia: A rare, brief drop in blood platelets.
Severe allergic reactions are extremely rare. Anyone experiencing a serious reaction after the first dose should avoid a second dose.
Conclusion
Mumps is a preventable viral illness that can cause discomfort and serious complications, especially for unvaccinated individuals. Although cases are less common today due to vaccination, staying aware of symptoms and preventive measures remains important. Staying updated on vaccinations and seeking medical advice for symptoms can help protect yourself and others.
If you think you or your child might have mumps, contact your healthcare provider for evaluation and advice.
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